Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change presents an integrated examination of chemical processes in the atmosphere, focusing on global-scale problems and their role in the evolution of the Earth system. Taking a largely interdisciplinary approach, it features the collective efforts of a group of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), as well as other experts from several universities and national laboratories. Topics discussed include the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect the atmospheric composition; the chemical mechanisms that affect the production and the fate of important chemical compounds; and the techniques used to investigate the chemical processes in the atmosphere. The book concludes with discussions on global problems related to the atmosphere (stratospheric ozone depletion, changes in greenhouse gases, and global chemical pollution), the relationship between the atmosphere and the global climate, and the long-term chemical evolution of the atmosphere. Each chapter features a brief essay by a leader in the field and includes a large number of current references. Ideal for graduate courses in atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric science, Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change also serves as an authoritative and practical reference for scientists studying the Earth's atmosphere. Support materials for the book are available via the website http://acd.ucar.edu/textbook

Preface Contributing Authors List of Frequently Used Symbols 1. Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System 1.1. Introduction 1.2. The Earth System Further Reading Essay: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System, Ralph J. Cicerone Part 1: Fundamentals 2. Atmospheric Dynamics and Transport 2,1. Introduction 2.2. The Governing Equations 2.3. Constraints on Atmospheric Motion 2.4. Zonal Means and Eddies 2.5. Atmospheric Waves 2.6. Tropospheric Circulation and Transport 2.7. Stratospheric Circulation and Transport 2.8. Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange Further Reading Essay: Why Understand Dynamics -- And What Is "Understanding" Anyway?, Michael McIntyre 3. Chemical and Photochemical Processes 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Radiation 3.3. Photophysical and Photochemical Processes 3.4. Chemical Reactions 3.5. Catalytic Cycles 3.6. Role of Excited States 3.7. Measurements of Rate Coefficients 3.8. The Steady State Approximation 3.9. Lifetimes in the Atmosphere Further Reading Essay: When Do We Know Enough about Atmospheric Chemistry?, Harold Schiff 4. Aerosols and Clouds 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Overview of the Atmospheric Aerosol 4.3. The Role of Clouds in Tropospheric Chemistry 4.4. Single-Particle Physical Characteristics 4.5. Gas-to-Particle Conversion 4.6. Acid-Base Reactions of Aerosol Particles 4.7. Removal Processes Associated with Aerosols 4.8. Solubility of Gases in Droplets 4.9. Mass Transfer Rates 4.10. Aqueous Reaction Further Reading Essay: Aerosols and Clouds: A Postscript, Richard Turco 5. Trace Gas Exchanges and Biogeochemical Cycles 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Surface Exchanges 5.3. The Global Water Cycle 5.4. The Global Carbon Cycle 5.5. The Global Nitrogen Cycle 5.6. The Global Sulfur Cycle 5.7. Halogens Further Reading Essays: The View from Outside, James Lovelock Part 2: Chemical Families 6. Hydrogen Compounds 6.1. Importance of Atmospheric Hydrogen Compounds 6.2. Scope and Definitions 6.3. Sources of Hydrogen to the Atmosphere 6.4. Chemistry of Hydrogen Species in the Middle Atmosphere 6.5. Chemistry of Hydrogen Compounds in the Troposphere 6.6. Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Stratosphere 6.7. Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Troposphere 6.8. Summary Further Reading Essay: Hydrogen Compounds, Dieter Ehhalt 7. Nitrogen Compounds 7.1. Importance of Atmospheric Odd Nitrogen 7.2. Scope and Definitions 7.3. The Role of Odd Nitrogen in the Stratosphere 7.4. Odd Nitrogen in the "Contemporary" Stratosphere 7.5. Odd Nitrogen in the Troposphere 7.6. Experimental Summary of the Influence of Odd Nitrogen in the Continental Boundary Layer 7.7. NO3 Chemistry 7.8. Gaseous Acid and Particulate Nitrate Formation 7.9 Chemistry of Organic Nitrates. Further Reading Essay: Time's Arrow, Ian Galbally 8. Halogen Compounds 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Scope and Definitions 8.3. Sources of Halogens 8.4. Loss Processes of Halogen Source Gases 8.5. Inorganic Chemistry of Halogen Species 8.6. Controlling the Detrimental Effects of Halogens on the Atmosphere; Future Outlook Further Reading Essay: CFCs and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Mario Molina 9. Carbon-Containing Compounds 9.1. 9.2. Scope and Definitions 9.3. Atmospheric Photochemistry of Hydrocarbons 9.4. Distribution of Hydrocarbons Further Reading Essay: Hydrocarbons, Hanwant Singh 10. Sulfur Compounds 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Scope and Definitions 10.3. Sulfur Compounds 10.4. Tropospheric Chemistry of Sulfur Compounds 10.5. Measurements of Sulfur Gas Abundances and Distributions 10.6. SO2 and Acid Precipitation 10.7. Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry 10.8. Gas Phase Ionic Chemistry in the Statosphere Further Reading Essay: Sulfur, Aerosols, Clouds and Rain, Robert J. Charlson Part 3: Tools 11. Observational Methods: Instruments and Platforms 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Instrumentation for Constituent Measurements 11.3. Flux Measurements 11.4. Measurements of Atmospheric Radiation 11.5. Instrumentation for Aerosol andrCloud Measurements 11.6. Observing Platforms Further Reading Essay: From Individual Measurements to Scale Integration Strategies, Gerard Megie 12. Modeling 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Model Equations 12.3. Modeling Chemical Processes 12.4. Modeling Atmospheric Transport 12.5. Examples and Illustrations 12.6. Modeling Global Budgets and Biogeochemical Cycles 12.7. Data Assimilation 12.8. Inverse Modeling 12.9 Chemical-Transport Models in the Future. Further Reading Essay: How Complex Do Models Need to Be?, Henning Rodhe Part 4: Ozone, Climate and Global Change 13. Tropospheric Ozone 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Distribution and Trends 13.3. Production and Loss of Ozone 13.4. Major Uncertainties and Research Needs Further Reading Essay: Tropospheric Ozone, Paul Crutzen 14. Middle Atmospheric Ozone 14.1. Introduction 14.2. The Ozone Distribution 14.3. Ozone Production 14.4. Ozone Destruction 14.5. Transport Effects 14.6. Polar Ozone 14.7. Ozone Peturbations 14.8. Imapct of Ozone Depletion on UV Radiation Further Reading Essay: Ozone Depletion: From Pole to Pole, Susan Solomon 15. Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Radiation in the Atmosphere 15.3. Natural Variations: Past Climates 15.4. Impact of Anthropogenic Trace Gases on Climate 15.5. Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) 15.6. Radiative Effects of Aerosols 15.7. Response of the Climate System to Radiative Forcing Further Reading Essay: Can Climate Models be Validated?, Stephen H. Schneider 16. Atmospheric Evolution and Global Perspective 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Atmospheric Evolution on Geological Timescales 16.3. Human Influences on the Atmosphere 16.4. Future Trends 16.5. Global Perspective Further Reading Essay: The Atmospheric Humankind: Our Related Futures, Daniel L. Albritton Appendices A: Physical Constants and Other Data B: Units, Conversion Factors, and Multiplying Prefixes C: Atmospheric Parameters and Mixing Ratios of Chemical Constituents D: Chemical Species in the Atmosphere E: Rate Coefficients for Second-Order Gas Phase Reactions F: Rate Coefficients for Association Gas Phase Reactions G: Mass Accomidation Coefficients H: Surface Reaction Probability I: Atmospheric Humidity J: Henry's Law Coefficients K: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants L: Rate Coefficients for Aqueous Phase Reactions M: Spectrum of Solar Extraterrestrial Actinic Flux (120-730 nm) N: Photolysis Frequencies Sample Problems References Index