A History of Psychology teaches the history of psychology by presenting the ideas of significant individuals, while gradually making clear to the student the role of cultural context in shaping the ideas that become dominant at a particular time. This should create in the student an eagerness for a thorough consideration of alternative conceptions of psychology as a historically conditioned discipline. • Explains with precision and clarity the contributions of over 100 psychological thinkers and psychologists • Close to 100 figures throughout the texts—e.g. the Golden Section, puzzle boxes, mazes, Pavlov's experimental apparatus, the visual cliff, the Tower of Hanoi—illustrate the kinds of problems and questions that psychologists have sought to answer • Includes more material on the role of mathematics and the development of science in general and psychology in particular than any other text

Preface to Second Edition 1. Touchstones: The Origins of Psychological Thought Introduction Pythagoras (570-495 BC) Pythagorean Cosmology The Pythagorean Opposites Pythagorean Mathematics Plato (427-347 BC) Pythagoras, Plato, and the Problem of the Irrational The Forms Lao-tzu (sixth century BC) The Tension between Confucianism and Taoism What Is Tao? The Book of Changes Aristotle (384-323 BC) Aristotle's Differences with Plato The Nature of Human Action Memory The Scala Naturae St Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) and the Medieval View of the Universe Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 2. Touchstones: From Descartes to Darwin Introduction Rene Descartes (1596-1650) The Body as a Machine Isaac Newton (1642-1727) The Laws of Motion Can Newton's Laws be Generalized to Psychology? The Nature of Colour The British Empiricists: John Locke (1632-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753), and David Hume (1711-1776) John Locke George Berkeley David Hume James Mill (1773-1836) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Universal Education The Importance of Emotion The Utopian Tradition in Psychology Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Kan'ts 'Second Copernican Revolution' Can Psychology Be a Science Like Other Sciences? Charles Darwin (1809-1882) The Voyage of the Beagle The Development of the Theory of Evolution Darwin and Psychology Studying the History of Psychology Ixion's Wheel or Jacob's Ladder? Person or Zeitgeist? Rediscovering the Past Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 3. The Nineteenth-Century Transformation of Psychology Introduction J.F. Herbart (1776-1841) Herbart's Influence on Educational Psychology G.T. Fechner (1801-1887) Psychophysics Experimental Aesthetics Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1884) Helmholtz and the Nature of Perception Ewald Hering (1834-1918) Christine Ladd-Franklin (1834-1930) Francis Galton(1822-1911) Hereditary Genius Eugenics Statistics Memory Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Social Darwinism Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 4. Wundt and His Contemporaries Introduction Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Investigations in the Laboratory Psychophysical Parallelism Cultural Psychology Wundt's Influence Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) The Experimental Study of Learning and Remembering Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) and the Invention of 'Paired Associates' Franz Brentano (1838-1917) The Wurzburg School Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 5. William James Introduction The Principles of Psychology Habit The Methods and Snares of Psychology The Stream of Thought The Consciousness of Self Attention The Emotions Will Other Topics Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 6. Freud and Jung Introduction The Unconscious Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Hysteria The Project for a Scientific Psychology The Interpretation of Dreams The Development of the Personality The Structure of the Personality Religion and Culture Freud's Death Freud and America Freud's Critics within Psychoanalysis Anna Freud (1895-1982) Karen Horney (1885-1952) and the Psychology of Women C.G. Jung (1875-1961) Jung's Relationship with Freud Analytical Psychology Extraversion and Introversion Archetypes Balancing Opposites The Four Functions The Collective Unconscious and the External World Synchronicity Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 7. Structure or Function? Introduction Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927) Structuralism Titchener's Experimental Psychology Titchener and the Imageless Thought Controversy Titchener and the Dimensions of Consciousness Titchener's Influence Functionalism John Dewey (1859-1952) Critique of the Reflex Arc Concept Dewey's Influence on Educational Practice James R. Angell (1869-1949) Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962) The S-O-R Framework Intelligence Testing James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944) Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Intelligence Testing in the United States Army What Is 'Intelligence', Anyway? Psychology in Business Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) Elton Mayo (1880-1949) Comparative Psychology Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) Learning as the Formation of Connections Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 8. Behaviourism Introduction Ivan P. Pavlov (1849-1936) Conditioned Reflexes Speech Temperaments and Psychopathology Vivisectionand Anti-vivisectionism Vladimir M. Bekterev (1857-1827) John B. Watson (1878-1958) Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It Watson's Psychology Emotional, Manual, and Verbal Habits Watson and Rosalie Rayner Watson's Second Career in Advertising Karl S. Lashley (1890-1958) Cortical Localization of Function The Problem of Serial Order in Behaviour B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) The Nature of Behaviorism Skinner's Radical Behaviorism The Behavior of Organisms A Case History of Scientific Method The 'Baby Tender' Teaching Machines Skinner's Utopian and Dystopian Views Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 9. Gestait Psychology Introduction Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) Phi Phenomenon The Minimum Principle Precursors of Gestalt Psychology The Laws of Perceptual Organization Productive Thinking Gestalt Psychology as a Philosophy Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) The Mentality of Apes The Nature of Learning The Concept of Isomorphism Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) Principles of Gestalt Psychology The Growth of the Mind Kurt Lewin (1890-1947) The Zeigarnik Effect Group Dynamics Fritz Heider (1896-1988) Solomon Asch (1907-1996) Kurt Goldstein (1878-1965) Organismic Theory The Abstract Attitude Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 10. Research Methods Introduction Philosophy of Science Logical Positivism Operationism Where Did Psychologist Stand? Criticisms of Operationism Experimental Methods Statistical Inference R.A. Fisher (1890-1962) Fisher's Approach to Designing Experiments The Null Hypothesis Correlational Methods Charles Spearman (1863-1945) Cyril Burt (1883-1971) The Burt Scandal Louis Leon Thurstone (1887-1955) Lee J. Cronbach (1916-2001) and 'The Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology' Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 11. Theories of Learning Introduction Ernest R. Hilgard (1904-2001) E.R. Guthrie (1886-1959) Contiguity Repetition Reward One-Trial Learning Clark L. Hull (1884-1952) The Formal Structure of Hullian Theory The Hypothetico-Deductive Method Postulates Kenneth W. Spence (1907-1967) Charles E. Osgood (1916-1991) The Semantic Differential E.C. Tolman (1886-1959) Purposive Behavior Cognitive Maps The Place versus Response Controversy The Verbal Learning Tradition Functionalism and Verbal Learning Acquisition Serial Learning The Fate of Verbal Learning D.O. Hebb (1904-1985) The Emergence of Neuroscience The Organization of Behavior Motivation Experiments in Sensory Deprivation Albert Bandura (1925--) Social Learning Theory Behavior Modification Reciprocal Determinism Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 12. The Developmental Point of View Introduction G. Stanley Hall (1884-1924) The Theory of Recapitulation Hall's Life and Career Hall's Recapitualtionism Questionnaires Adolescence James Mark Baldwin (1861-1934) Psychology of Mental Development Heinz Werner (1890-1964) The Comparative Psychology of Mental Development Uniformity versus Multiformity Continuity versus Discontinuity Unilinearity versus Multilinearity Fixity versus Mobility Microgenesis Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Barbel Inhelder (1913-1997) Genetic Epistemology The Development of Intelligence Piaget's Clinical Method Stages in the Development of Intelligence Piaget as a Structuralist Wholeness Systems of Transformations Self-regulation Can Development Ever End? L.S. Vygotsky (1896-1934) Thought and Language The Zone of Proximal Development Erik H. Erikson (1902-1994) Lifespan Developmental Psychology Epigenesis The Eight Stages Eleanor J. Gibson (1910-2002) Perceptual Learning The Visual Cliff Eleanor Gibson on the Future of Psychology Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 13. Humanistic Psychology Introduction Existentialism Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966) The Emergence of Humanistic Psychology Rollo May (1909-1994) Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970) The Hierarchy of Needs The Self-actualizing Person Peak Experiences The Psychology of Science Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987) Client-Centred Therapy Eugene T. Gendlin Encounter Groups What Happened to Humanistic Psychology? George A. Kelly (1905-1967) The Psychology of Personal Constructs The Repertory Test Research in Personal Construct Theory Qualitative Research Methods Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 14 Introduction The Concept of 'Information' Noam Chomsky (1928--) Syntactic Structures Cartesian Linguistics George A. Miller (1920--) The Magical Number Seven Plans and the Structure of Behavior Subjective Behaviorism Giving Psychology Away Jerome S. Bruner (1915--) The New Look in Perception A Study of Thinking Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969) Ulric Neisser (1928--) Cognitive Psychology James J. Gibson (1904-1979) Cognition and Reality Herbert A. Simon (1916-2001) Spurious Correlation and the Nature of Causality Computer Simulation Criticisms of Computer Simulation Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings 15. The Future of Psychology Introduction The New History of Science Does Psychology Have Paradigms? Feminism and the Psychology of Women Psychology as a Social Construction Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) Psychological Research as a Social Construction Psychology, Modernism, and Postmodernism Modernism Postmodernism The Differentiation of Psychology The Future of the History of Psychology Important Names, Works, and Concepts Recommended Readings Bibliography Index

John Benjafield, Department of Psychology, Brock University